RESUMO
Se analiza el significado del concepto de “obsesión” en el alienismo del siglo XIX. Desde el punto de vista clínico, la descripción de Esquirol fue completada por otros autores (Jules Falret, Legrand du Saulle). En el ámbito de la reflexión psicopatológica, el alienismo francés, con el delirio emotivo de Morel o la psicastenia de Janet, defendió la teoría emocional, frente al trastorno intelectual propuesto por los médicos alemanes. Finalmente, se insiste en la importancia del marco cultural en la aparición de los síntomas obsesivos y de su interpretación. En este sentido, se estudian las relaciones de los escrúpulos religiosos con la melancolía o la aparición de categorías diagnósticas sometidas a los códigos y mentalidades fin-de-siècle.
The article analyses the significance of the concept of “obsession” in nineteenth-century alienism. From a clinical point of view, Esquirol’s description was completed by other authors (Jules Falret, Legrand du Saulle). In the area of psychopathological studies, French alienism, with Morel’s emotional delirium or Janet’s psychasthenia, defended the emotional theory, as opposed to the intellectual disorder proposed by German doctors. Lastly, the importance of the cultural framework is stressed in the appearance of obsessive symptoms and their interpretation. Along these lines, the article discusses the relationship of religious scruples to melancholy or the appearance of diagnostic categories subject to fin de siècle codes and mentalities.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , DNA Complementar/genética , Floxuridina/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Timidina Fosforilase/genética , Comunicação Celular , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Transfecção , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/enzimologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/patologiaRESUMO
Objetivo. Analizar la percepción que el prestador de servicios de salud y el adulto mayor (AM) tienen sobre el maltrato al AM en los servicios públicos de salud, en ciudades seleccionadas de México. Material y métodos. De 2009 a 2012 se realizó un estudio con diseño cualitativo y estrategia de triangulación de fuentes de datos; se efectuaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 13 prestadores y a 12 ancianos para recuperar su experiencia en el tema. El análisis utilizó procedimientos de la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados. El maltrato contra el AM es una práctica naturalizada por el personal y por el anciano, la cual se manifiesta de formas diversas. Conclusiones. La institucionalización, profesionalización histórica y falta de conciencia sobre las necesidades de los AM demandan cambios de planeación, organización y supervisión del Sistema de Salud. El personal requiere intervenciones de formación, capacitación y cambio de actitudes/comportamiento, para otorgar atención integral, digna, humana y de respeto a los Derechos Humanos de los AM.
Objective. To analyze the health care providers (HCP) and elderly patients' perceptions about abuse of the elderly by health personnel of public health services, in selected cities in Mexico. Materials and methods. A qualitative study and a strategy of data triangulation were performed during 2009 and 2012; 13 HCPs and 12 elders were interviewed, in order to obtain their experience regarding elder abuse. Grounded Theory proceedings were used for the analysis. Results. Elder abuse is a naturalized practice, from HCP and elderly people's point of view; these perceptions are showed in different ways. Conclusion. Institutionalization, historical professionalization and lack of consciousness about needs of the elderly (sociocultural and economic), require changes in planning, organization and monitoring process in the Health System; training and educational interventions on staff and exchange attitudes and behavior are necessary in order to offer a health care that is comprehensive, decent, human and with respect for the human rights.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Fenilacetatos/farmacologia , Elementos Antissenso (Genética) , Neoplasias da Mama , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Ciclinas/genética , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/enzimologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Camundongos Knockout , Fosforilação , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/citologia , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/enzimologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A comparison of the mechanism of action of benzoyl peroxide, a tumor promoter was studied in three different cell lines i.e. NIH 3T3, HDCS and A431. Benzoyl peroxide was found to mediate its effect by inducing poly ADP-ribosylation in all the three cell types studied but to different extents, with histone H1 serving as a common acceptor for poly ADP-ribose. It also stimulated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CuZn superoxide dismutase and catalase in NIH 3T3 and HDCS cells, but not in A431. Alterations in the expression of c-jun and c-fos were observed in NIH 3T3 and A431 cells. Benzoyl Peroxide appeared to mediate its effect via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.